シントピコンの「トピックの見取り図」を和訳してみた(その9)

 本記事では、アイデア=大項目の81~90までの「トピックの見取り図」の和訳を載せている。

 詳しい説明はこちら。

kozakashiku.hatenablog.com

 

—目次—

 

81レトリック

1レトリックの性質と範囲
 1aレトリックと弁証法や詭弁の区別:レトリシャンと哲学者
 1bレトリックと文法、論理、心理学との関係
 1cレトリックと統治の技術との関係:雄弁家と政治家
2解説的、思弁的、詩的な対話におけるレトリックの機能
 2aレトリックの装置:スピーチの形態;対話の拡大と縮小
 2bスタイルにおける卓越性の基準
 2c歴史、科学、哲学、神学における解説の方法
 2d解釈の原理:意味の形態
3行動の領域における説得に関係するものとしてのレトリックの役割:雄弁の分析
 3a雄弁の種類:熟慮的、法学的、誇示的
 3b演説の構造:その部分の順序
 3c説得のための言語の利用:雄弁のスタイル
4説得の手段:芸術的手段と非芸術的手段の区別
 4a聴衆の性格とタイプに関する雄弁家の考察:雄弁家自身の人格の重要性
 4b雄弁家による感情の扱い:感情の提示;聴衆の覚醒
 4cレトリックによる議論:説得と論証の区別
 (1)レトリックによる帰納:例の利用
 (2)レトリックによる証明:省略三段論法の利用
 (3)前提の源である話題や常識:様々な主題に関する雄弁家の知識
5雄弁と雄弁家の評価:説得の成功によるレトリック的な手段の正当化
 5a雄弁の目的と真実の緊急性
 5b正義、法、善に対する雄弁家の関心:雄弁家の倫理的美徳
6雄弁家の教育:レトリックの学校
7雄弁の歴史:様々な社会的条件と様々な政体におけるその重要性
8雄弁における卓越性の例

81 Rhetoric

「Great Books 2」p520

1. The nature and scope of rhetoric
 1a. The distinction of rhetoric from dialectic and sophistry: the rhetorician and the philosopher
 1b. The relation of rhetoric to grammar, logic, and psychology
 1c. The relation of rhetoric to the arts of government: the orator and the statesman
2. The function of rhetoric in expository, speculative, and poetic discourse
 2a. The devices of rhetoric: figures of speech; the extension and contraction of discourse
 2b. The canon of excellence in style
 2c. Methods of exposition in history, science, philosophy, and theology
 2d. Principles of interpretation: the modes of meaning
3. The role of rhetoric as concerned with persuasion in the sphere of action: the analysis of oratory
 3a. The kinds of oratory: deliberative, forensic, epideictic
 3b. The structure of an oration: the order of its parts
 3c. The use of language for persuasion: oratorical style
4. The means of persuasion: the distinction between artistic and inartistic means
 4a. The orator's consideration of character and of the types of audience: the significance of his own character
 4b. The orator's treatment of emotion: his display of emotion; the arousal of his audience
 4c. Rhetorical argument: the distinction between persuasion and demonstration
  (1) Rhetorical induction: the use of examples
  (2) Rhetorical proof: the use of enthymemes
  (3) The topics or commonplaces which are the source of premises: the orator's knowledge of various subject matters
5. The evaluation of oratory and the orator: the justification of rhetorical means by the success in persuasion
 5a. The purpose of oratory and the exigencies of truth
 5b. The orator's concern with justice, law, and the good: the moral virtue of the orator
6. The education of the orator: the schools of rhetoric
7. The history of oratory: its importance under various social conditions and in different forms of government
8. Examples of excellence in oratory

82同と異

1同一律:ものとそれ自体との関係
 1a数や存在における同一性:数的な多様性と異質性
 1b個として存続している変化の同一性:個人の同一性、自己の連続性;変化の領域における同一性の否定
2数的に多様なものの同一性
 2a同一性や類似性の存在:種類や普遍の実在性
 2b同一性と統一性の関係:一者に参加するものとしての同一性
 2c同一性と類似性の区別、およびそれらの反対、多様性と差異:同一性と多様性の構成;類似していることと違っていることの程度;家族的類似の類似性
 2d多様性と差異の観点からの物事の区別:実質的な区別と論理的な区別
 2e異質性の限界:完全な多様性の不可能性
3同一性と異質性または多様性の形態
 3a本質的な同一性や差異と、偶発的な同一性や差異
 (1)特殊な同一性と一般的な同一性:自然な類と論理的な類
 (2)類における種の異質性:反対の多様性
 (3)一般的な異質性または異種性
 3b関係的な同一性:類推や比例的な類似性による同一性
 3c質における同一性、あるいは類似性:同じ質の程度の変化
 3d量における同一性、または均質性:均質性の種類
4知識の秩序における同一性と多様性
 4a知るものと知られるものの間の類似性や同一性:模倣、志向性、表現を含むものとしての知識
 4b定義における区別の役割:差異の多様性
 4c単語の意味や用語の意味における同一性と多様性:一義的なものと多義的なもの
5愛と友情における類似性の原理
6神と生物の間の類似性:類似性の程度と性格;生物における神の痕跡や姿

82 Same and other

「Great Books 2」p534-535

1. The principle of identity: the relation of a thing to itself
 1a. Oneness in number or being: numerical diversity or otherness
 1b. The identity of the changing yet enduring individual: personal identity, the continuity of self; the denial of identity in the realm of change
2. The sameness of things numerically diverse
 2a. The being of sameness or similitude: the reality of kinds or universals
 2b. The relation between sameness and unity: sameness as a participation in the one
 2c. The distinction between sameness and similarity and their opposites, diversity and difference: the composition of sameness and diversity; degrees of likeness and difference; the similarity of family resemblances
 2d. The distinction of things in terms of their diversities and differences: real and logical distinctions
 2e. The limits of otherness: the impossibility of utter diversity
3. The modes of sameness and otherness or diversity
 3a. Essential sameness or difference and accidental sameness or difference
  (1) Specific and generic sameness: natural and logical genera
  (2) The otherness of species in a genus: the diversity of contraries
  (3) Generic otherness or heterogeneity
 3b. Relational sameness: sameness by analogy or proportional similitude
 3c. Sameness in quality, or likeness: variations in degree of the same quality
 3d. Sameness in quantity, or equality: kinds of equality
4. Sameness and diversity in the order of knowledge
 4a. Likeness or sameness between knower and known: knowledge as involving imitation, intentionality, or representation
 4b. The role of differentiation in definition: the diversity of differences
 4c. Sameness and diversity in the meaning of words or the significance of terms: the univocal and the equivocal
5. The principle of likeness in love and friendship
6. Similitude between God and creatures: the degree and character of the similitude; traces or images of God in creatures

83科学

1科学の概念
 1a哲学の分野としての科学:確実な知識や完全な知識
 (1)科学の知的な美徳:その理解と知恵との関係
 (2)哲学的科学の区分と階層
 1b実験的探究と実験的知識の組織化の学問としての科学:科学的な精神
 (1)科学の有用性:自然の統御における実験的知識の応用;機械と発明
 (2)科学が人間の生活に及ぼす影響:技術の経済的、および社会的な影響
 1c科学と哲学に関する問題:実験科学と哲学的科学、または経験科学と合理的科学の区別と関係;経験科学の限界
2科学と他の種類の知識との関係
 2a科学と宗教の関係:科学としての神聖な神学の概念
 2b科学と詩や歴史との比較
3科学と行動や生産との関係
 3a理論科学と実践科学の区別:科学としての倫理学政治学、経済学、法学の性格
 3b純粋科学と応用科学の区別:科学と有用な学問との関係
4科学的な知識の性質
 4a科学の原理:事実、定義、公理、仮説、統一理論
 4b科学の目的:本質的なものと必然的なもの;感覚可能なものと測定可能なもの;抽象的なものと普遍的なもの
 4c科学における因果関係の役割:科学的探究の目的としての説明と記述
 4d科学的な定式化の一般性:自然の普遍的な法則;相対性原理
 4e科学的な結論の確実性と蓋然性、または最終性と暫定性:科学理論の妥当性
5科学的な方法
 5a経験の役割:観察と実験
 5b探究と発見のテクニック:事実の突き止め
 5c科学における数学の利用:計算と測定
 5d自然の哲学と自然科学における帰納と演繹
 5e仮説と構築されたモデルの利用:予測と検証
6科学の発展
 6a科学的進歩の技術的条件:科学的器具や科学的装置の発明
 6b社会における科学の位置:科学の進歩に有利な社会的条件
7科学の評価
 7a意見、迷信、魔術と比較した科学の賞賛
 7b科学と科学者の風刺:科学の欠点
 7c善や悪のための科学の利用:科学の限界

83 Science

「Great Books 2」p549-550

1. Conceptions of science
 1a. Science as a philosophical discipline: certain or perfect knowledge
  (1) The intellectual virtue of science: its relation to understanding and wisdom
  (2) The division and hierarchy of the philosophical sciences
 1b. Science as the discipline of experimental inquiry and the organization of experimental knowledge: the scientific spirit
  (1) The utility of science: the applications of experimental knowledge in the mastery of nature; machinery and inventions
  (2) The effects of science on human life: the economic and social implications of technology
 1c. The issue concerning science and philosophy: the distinction and relation between experimental and philosophical science, or between empirical and rational science; the limitations of empirical science
2. The relation of science to other kinds of knowledge
 2a. The relation between science and religion: the conception of sacred theology as a science
 2b. The comparison of science with poetry and history
3. The relation of science to action and production
 3a. The distinction between theoretical and practical science: the character of ethics, politics, economics, and jurisprudence as sciences
 3b. The distinction between pure and applied science: the relation of science to the useful arts
4. The nature of scientific knowledge
 4a. The principles of science: facts, definitions, axioms, hypotheses, unifying theories
 4b. The objects of science: the essential and necessary; the sensible and measurable; the abstract and universal
 4c. The role of cause in science: explanation and description as aims of scientific inquiry
 4d. The generality of scientific formulations: universal laws of nature; the principle of relativity
 4e. The certitude and probability or the finality and tentativeness of scientific conclusion: the adequacy of scientific theories
5. Scientific method
 5a. The role of experience: observation and experiment
 5b. Techniques of exploration and discovery: the ascertainment of fact
 5c. The use of mathematics in science: calculation and measurement
 5d. Induction and deduction in the philosophy of nature and natural science
 5e. The use of hypotheses and constructed models: prediction and verification
6. The development of the sciences
 6a. The technical conditions of scientific progress: the invention of scientific instruments or apparatus
 6b. The place of science in society: the social conditions favorable to the advancement of science
7. The evaluation of science
 7a. The praise of science by comparison with opinion, superstition, magic
 7b. The satirization of science and scientists: the foibles of science
 7c. The use of science for good or evil: the limitations of science

84感覚

1感覚の性質
 1a悟性や理性の力とは異なる感覚の力
 1b生成と存在、特殊と普遍に関連する感覚と知性
 1c知覚や直観と、判断や推論の区別:直観の超越的な形態
 1d精神や悟性の主要な機能としての感覚による知覚:受け取られた印象としての感覚;感覚と反省、考えと概念、知覚対象と概念の区別
2生命の段階に関連する感度
 2a感度の観点からの動物と植物の区別
 2b動物界における感度の程度:いくつかの感覚の遺伝的順序
 2c人間と動物の感度の比較
3感覚の力の分析:その器官と活動
 3a感覚の解剖学と生理学:専門感覚器官、神経、脳
 3b外的感覚と内的感覚の区別
 (1)外的感覚の列挙:それらの関係と順序
 (2)内的感覚の列挙:外的感覚への依存
 3c外的感覚の活動
 (1)外的感覚の機能:感覚の性質と由来
 (2)感覚の特質:強さ、広がり、感情的な傾向;精神物理学的な法則
 (3)感覚や感覚の質の分類:固有の感覚可能なものと共通の感覚可能なもの;一次的質と二次的質
 (4)感覚と知覚の区別:偶然的に感覚可能なもの;実体の複雑な考え
 (5)感覚と注意:前知覚と統覚;統覚の超越的な統一
 3d内的感覚の活動
 (1)共通感覚の機能:区別、比較、関連、照合や知覚
 (2)感覚の内的な力としての記憶と想像力
 (3)評価の力と認知の力:有害なものや有益なものの本能的な認識
 3e感覚と感情、意志、動きとの関係:感覚的な欲求の概念
4感覚的な知識の性格
 4a感覚的な知識と他の形式の知識との比較
 4b感覚的知覚の対象:明白な個別の事実;知覚の判断と経験の判断
 4c感覚と感覚可能なものの関係:感覚的質の主観性と客観性
 4d感覚的な知識の限界、正確性、信頼性:感覚の誤りやすさ
 (1)感覚データの誤った解釈:感覚に基づく判断の問題
 (2)感覚的知覚の誤り:幻覚と錯覚
5感覚の、科学的知識や哲学的知識への寄与
 5a考えの源泉やきっかけとしての感覚:記憶や回想の役割;複雑な考えの構築;普遍的な概念の抽象化
 5b帰納の起源としての感覚経験
 5c悟性や理性の、個別的なものの知識の感覚への依存:感覚への訴えによる証明
6美の知覚における感覚の役割:美しいものや心地よいものと感覚;感覚可能な美しさと理解可能な美しさ

84 Sense

「Great Books 2」p568-569

1.The nature of sense
 1a. The power of sense as distinct from the power of understanding or reason
 1b. Sense and intellect in relation to becoming and being, particulars and universals
 1c. The distinction between perception or intuition and judgment or reasoning: the transcendental forms of intuition
 1d. Sense perception as a primary function of the mind or understanding: sensations as received impressions; the distinction between sensation and reflection, ideas and notions, percepts and concepts
2. Sensitivity in relation to the grades of life
 2a. The differentiation of animals from plants in terms of sensitivity
 2b. The degrees of sensitivity in the animal kingdom: the genetic order of the several senses
 2c. Comparisons of human and animal sensitivity
3. The analysis of the power of sense: its organs and activities
 3a. The anatomy and physiology of the senses: the special sense organs, nerves, brain
 3b. The distinction between the exterior and interior senses
  (1) Enumeration of the exterior senses: their relation and order
  (2) Enumeration of the interior senses: their dependence on the exterior senses
 3c. The activity of the exterior senses
  (1) The functions of the exterior senses: the nature and origin of sensations
  (2) The attributes of sensation: intensity, extensity, affective tone; the psychophysical laws
  (3) The classification of sensations or sense-qualities: proper and common sensibles; primary and secondary qualities
  (4) The distinction between sensation and perception: the accidental sensible; complex ideas of substance
  (5) Sensation and attention: preperception and apperception; the transcendental unity of apperception
 3d. The activity of the interior senses
  (1) The functions of the common sense: discrimination, comparison, association, collation or perception
  (2) Memory and imagination as interior powers of sense
  (3) The estimative or cognitive power: instinctive recognition of the harmful and beneficial
 3e. The relation of sense to emotion, will, and movement: the conception of a sensitive appetite
4. The character of sensitive knowledge
 4a. Comparison of sensitive with other forms of knowledge
 4b. The object of sense perception: the evident particular fact; judgements of perception and judgements of experience
 4c. The relation of sense and the sensible: the subjectivity or objectivity of sense-qualities
 4d. The limit, accuracy, and reliability of sensitive knowledge: the fallibility of the senses
  (1) The erroneous interpretation of sense-data: the problem of judgements based on sensation
  (2) Error in sense perception: illusions and hallucinations
5. The contribution of the senses to scientific or philosophical knowledge
 5a. Sensation as the source or occasion of ideas: the role of memory or reminiscence; the construction of complex idea; the abstraction of universal concepts
 5b. Sense-experience as the origin of inductions
 5c. The dependence of understanding or reason upon sense for knowledge of particulars: verification by appeal to the senses
6. The role of sense in the perception of beauty: the beautiful and the pleasing to sense; sensible and intelligible beauty

85記号と象徴

1記号の理論
 1a自然的記号と慣習的記号の区別
 1b精神の志向:自然的記号としての考えとイメージ
 1c象徴的に機能する自然のもの:自然の本
 1d人間の言語の慣習的な表記法:人間の言葉の必要性
 1e非言語的な記号の発明と使用:金、肩書き、印、儀式、礼儀
 1f慣習的記号における意味の源としての自然的記号:言葉が物事を意味する媒体としての思考
2意味の形態
 2a言葉の第一、第二の意味付与:物事を意味する名と名を意味する名
 2b名の第一、第二の意図:物事を意味する言葉と考えを意味する言葉
 2c内在的な名づけと外在的な名づけ:性質に応じた、あるいはそれらの関係を参照した物事の名づけ
 2d固有名詞と一般名詞
 2e抽象名詞と具象名詞
3人間の言説における意味のパターン
 3a言語のあいまいさ:意味の不確定性や多様性
 3b一義的な発話と多義的な発話の区別
 3c多義性の種類
 (1)文字通りに、あるいは比喩的に使用される同じ言葉:類推や類比から、あるいは他の種類の類似性から派生した隠喩
 (2)様々な程度の一般性と特異性で使用される同じ言葉:言葉の広い意味と狭い意味
 (3)特質やその因果を意味するために使用される同じ言葉
 3d異質なものに基づいた名の重要性:一義的なものと多義的なものの中間としての類推
4科学、哲学、詩における意味の決定
 4a一義的な意味と定義の関係
 4b証明の、一義的な用語への依存:多義性のための形式的な誤謬
 4c意味的分析の性質と有用性:曖昧さの修正;意味の明確化と正確さ
 4d科学、哲学、詩における象徴、隠喩、神話の利用
 4e推論における記号の利用:必然的な記号と蓋然的な記号;数学的象徴の使用;医学における症状の解釈
5神学と宗教における象徴性
 5a神の記号としての自然物
 5b超自然的な記号:前兆、前触れ、災禍、夢、奇跡
 5c秘跡秘跡的行為や儀式的行為の象徴性
 5d神学におけるイメージと数の象徴性
 5e神の言葉の解釈
 5f神の名:神の性質を示すための言葉の使用
6心理的分析における象徴性
 6a夢の象徴性:その潜在的、あるいは顕在的な内容
 6b明らかに正常な行為の象徴性:忘却、言い間違い、誤り
 6c不安、強迫観念、その他の神経症的症状の象徴性

85 Sign and Symbol

「Great Books 2」p586-587

1. The theory of signs
 1a. The distinction between natural and conventional signs
 1b. The intentions of the mind: ideas and images as natural signs
 1c. The things of nature functioning symbolically: the book of nature
 1d. The conventional notations of human language: man's need for words
 1e. The invention and use of nonverbal symbols: money, titles, seals, ceremonies, courtesies
 1f. Natural signs as the source of meaning in conventional signs: thought as the medium through which words signify things
2. The modes of signification
 2a. The first and second imposition of words: names signifying things and names signifying names
 2b. The first and second intention of names: words signifying things and words signifying ideas
 2c. Intrinsic and extrinsic denominations: the naming of things according to their natures or by reference to their relations
 2d. Proper and common names
 2e. Abstract and concrete names
3. The patterns of meaning in human discourse
 3a. Verbal ambiguity: indefiniteness or multiplicity of meaning
 3b. The distinction between univocal and equivocal speech
 3c. The types of equivocation
  (1) The same word used literally and figuratively: metaphors derived from analogies or proportions and from other kinds of similitude
  (2) The same word used with varying degrees of generality and specificity: the broad and narrow meaning of a word
  (3) The same word used to signify an attribute and its cause or effect
 3d. The significance of names predicated of heterogeneous things: the analogical as inter-mediate between the univocal and the equivocal
4. The determination of meaning in science, philosophy, and poetry
 4a. The relation between univocal meaning and definition
 4b. The dependence of demonstration on univocal terms: formal fallacies due to equivocation
 4c. The nature and utility of semantic analysis: the rectification of ambiguity; the clarification and precision of meanings
 4d. The use of symbols, metaphors, and myths in science, philosophy, and poetry
 4e. The use of signs in reasoning: necessary and probable signs; the use of mathematical symbols; the interpretation of symptoms in medicine
5. Symbolism in theology and religion
 5a. Natural things as signs of divinity
 5b. Supernatural signs: omens, portents, visitations, dreams, miracles
 5c. The symbolism of the sacraments and of sacramental or ritualistic acts
 5d. The symbolism of images and numbers in theology
 5e. The interpretation of the word of God
 5f. The names of God: the use of words to signify the divine nature
6. Symbolism in psychological analysis
 6a. The symbolism of dreams: their latent and manifest content
 6b. The symbolism of apparently normal acts: forgetting, verbal slips, errors
 6c. The symbolism of anxieties, obsessions, and other neurotic manifestations

86罪

1罪の性質:神の法の違反;人間と神との関係の乱れ
2罪の種類と程度
 2a原罪と自罪の区別
 2b精神的な罪と肉体的な罪の区別
 2c大罪と微罪の区別
 (1)大罪の分類と順序
 (2)微罪の分類と順序
3原罪の教義
 3a罪の前のアダムの状態:その超自然的な恵みの状態;その超自然的な贈り物
 3bアダムの罪
 3cアダムの罪の結果としての堕落した人間の性質
 3d救済と再生:神と人間の媒介者が原罪を贖う必要性
 3e罪の赦し:洗礼;洗礼を受けていない状態
4自罪や個人的な罪
 4a原罪と自罪の関係
 4b自罪の原因と機会:誘惑
 4c罪の原理としての誇り:傲慢の悲劇的な過ち
 4d自罪の結果:慈愛と恵みの喪失
 4e罪の予防、浄化、赦し:生贄による浄化;懺悔の秘跡;懺悔、告白、赦免;破門
5良心の呵責と罪の意識:罪の感覚の心理的発生と病理的表現
6罪悪感と罪への罰
 6a罪に対する責任と罪悪感に関する人間の自由:神による予定と選び
 6b罪に対する集団的責任:父親の罪
 6c罪の一時的な罰:神による天災;肉の苦行
 6d罪の永遠の罰:地獄で改悛しない者の永遠の破滅
 6e煉獄の浄化の罰
7罪からの救済に関連した恵みと善行:信仰のみによる義認

86 Sin

「Great Books 2」p602-603

1 The nature of sin: violation of divine law; disorder in man’s relation to God
2 The kinds and degrees of sin
 2a The distinction between original and actual sin
 2b The distinction between spiritual and carnal sin
 2c The distinction between mortal and venial sin
  (1) The classification and order of mortal sins
  (2) The classification and order of venial sins
3 The doctrine of original sin
 3a The condition of Adam before sin: his supernatural state of grace; his preternatural gifts
 3b The sin of Adam
 3c The nature of fallen man in consequence of Adam’s sin
 3d Salvation and new birth: the need for a mediator between God and man to atone for original in
 3e The remission of sin: baptism; the state of the unbaptized
4 Actual or personal sin
 4a The relation of original sin to actual sin
 4b The causes and occasions of actual sin: temptation
 4c Pride as the principle of sin: the tragic fault of hubris
 4d The consequences of actual sin : the loss of charity and grace
 4e The prevention, purging, and forgiveness of sin: purification by sacrifice; the sacrament of penance; contrition, confession, and absolution; excommunication
5 The remorse of conscience and feelings of guilt: the psychogenesis and pathological expression of the sense of sin
6 Guilt and the punishment of sin
 6a Man’s freedom in relation to responsibility and guilt for sin: divine predestination or election
 6b Collective responsibility for sin: the sins of the fathers
 6c The temporal punishment of sin: divine scourges; the mortification of the flesh
 6d The eternal punishment of sin: the everlasting perdition of the unrepentant in hell
 6e The purifying punishments of purgatory
7 Grace and good works in relation to salvation from sin: justification by faith alone

87奴隷

1奴隷状態の性質:主人と奴隷の関係
2先天的奴隷制と先天的奴隷の理論
 2a先天的奴隷の特徴:奴隷に関連した個人的な違いや人種的な違い
 2b主人の財産や道具としての先天的奴隷の概念
 2c自然法や神法に関連する奴隷
 2d先天的奴隷の教義に対する批判
3社会制度としての奴隷制奴隷制の慣習
 3a奴隷の獲得:征服、購入、年季奉公、没収
 3b奴隷を規制する法律:主人と奴隷の権利と義務
 3c奴隷の自由や解放:奴隷の反乱
 3d奴隷の制度に対する批判:奴隷制の不正;不可侵の人権の侵害
4経済的奴隷の形態
 4a家財奴隷:家庭の奴隷と国家の奴隷
 4b農奴や債務奴隷
 4c賃金奴隷:労働者の搾取
5経済的奴隷の政治的側面
 5a家財奴隷と農奴公民権剥奪:政策的、政治的共同体からの排除
 5b労働者階級や賃金奴隷の政治的な剥奪:公民権付与のための闘争;参政権に関する寡頭制と民主制の間の問題
6政治的奴隷または支配
 6a暴政の下で生きる人間の状態としての奴隷
 6b慈悲深い専制または父権主義的政府の下で生きる人間の状態としての服従
 6c服従から市民権への移行:自治にふさわしい人間の条件
 6d被征服民や植民地の帝国主義的な支配や奴隷化
7情熱と理性や意志との関係における専制奴隷制の類比:人間の束縛

87 Slavery

「Great Books 2」p619-620

1. The nature of enslavement: the relation of master and slave
2. The theory of natural slavery and the natural slave
 2a. Characteristics of the natural slave: individual and racial differences in relation to slavery
 2b. The conception of the natural slave as the property or instrument of his master
 2c. Slavery in relation to natural or to divine law
 2d. Criticisms of the doctrine of natural slavery
3. Slavery as a social institution: the conventionality of slavery
 3a. The acquisition of slaves: conquest, purchase, indenture, forfeiture
 3b. Laws regulating slavery: the rights and duties of master and slave
 3c. The emancipation or manumission of slaves: the rebellion of slaves
 3d. Criticisms of the institution of slavery: the injustice of slavery; its transgression of inalienable human rights
4. The forms of economic slavery
 4a. Chattel slavery: slaves of the household and slaves of the state 
 4b. Serfdom or peonage
 4c. Wage slavery: the exploitation of the laborer
5. The political aspect of economic slavery
 5a. The disfranchisement of chattel slaves and serfs: their exclusion from the body politic or political community
 5b. The political deprivations of the laboring classes or wage slaves: the struggle for enfranchisement; the issue between oligarchy and democracy with respect to suffrage
6. Political enslavement or subjection
 6a. Slavery as the condition of men living under tyrannical government
 6b. Subjection as the condition of men living under benevolent despotism or paternalistic government
 6c. The transition from subjection to citizenship: the conditions fitting men for self-government
 6d. The imperialistic subjection or enslavement of conquered peoples or colonial dependencies
7. The analogy of tyranny and slavery in the relations between passions and reason or will: human bondage

88魂

1魂の概念
 1a宇宙の秩序原理としての魂:世界の魂とその知的原理との関係;天体の魂
 1b生物における自己運動や生命の原理としての魂:有機体の形としての魂
 1c思考する存在と思考しない存在の区別の原理としての魂:魂と精神や知性との間の同一性や区別
 1d個人の同一性の原理としての魂:自己の教義;経験的な自我と超越的な自我
2魂の力の分析
 2a魂と、その力や行いとの区別
 2b魂の部分の秩序、つながり、相互依存性:精神の構造におけるエス、自我、超自我
 2c魂の種類と生命の様態:植物の魂、感覚的な魂、合理的な魂とそれらの特別な力
 (1)植物の力:植物の魂に固有の力
 (2)感覚的な力:動物の魂に固有の力
 (3)合理的な力:人間の魂に固有の力
3魂の非物質性
 3a物質的でない原理、形式、実体としての魂
 3b植物や動物の魂の物質性と比較した、人間の魂の非物質性:非実体的な力としての知性
 3c魂と身体の関係:形式的な原理と物質的な原理の関係、または精神的実体と物質的実体の関係
 3d非物質的な原理、形式、実体としての魂の否定:魂の原子論
 3e幽霊、生霊、霊魂としての肉体のない魂の、物質的または現象的な現れ
4魂の存在
 4a人間の魂の単一性や複数性:植物の力と感覚的な力の人間的な形態
 4b人間の魂の自己実体や非物質性に関する問題:その存在や、人体から分離した存在の能力
 4c人間の魂の起源:その独立した創造;その世界の魂からの流出や派生
 4d身体から離れた魂の生命
 (1)転生や永続的な輪廻の教義
 (2)分離した魂と、人間や天使との比較:外的な魂
 (3)身体のための魂の必要性:魂の完全性のための身体の復活の教義
 (4)身体による魂の汚染:身体からの解放による魂の浄化
5魂とその力に関する人間の知識
 5a魂の、自身のふるまいの反省による魂自身の知識:超越的な対象、または本体的な対象としての魂;合理的な心理学の誤った推論
 5b経験的な心理学における魂の概念:魂の実験的な知識

88 Soul

「Great Books 2」p634-635

1.Conceptions of soul
 1a. Soul as the ordering principle of the universe: the world soul and its relation to the intellectual principle; the souls of the heavenly bodies
 1b. Soul as the principle of self-motion or life in living things: soul as the form of an organic body
 1c. Soul as the principle of distinction between thinking and nonthinking beings: the identity or distinction between soul and mind or intellect
 1d. Soul as the principle of personal identity: the doctrine of the self; the empirical and transcendental ego
2. The analysis of the powers of the soul
 2a. The distinction between the soul and its powers or acts
 2b. The order, connection, and interdependence of the parts of the soul: the id, ego, and superego in the structure of the psyche
 2c. The kinds of soul and the modes of life: vegetative, sensitive, and rational souls and their special powers and say
  (1) The vegetative powers: the powers proper to the plant soul
  (2) The sensitive powers: the powers proper to the animal soul
  (3) The rational powers: the powers proper to the human soul
3. The immateriality of the soul
 3a. The soul as an immaterial principle, form, or substance
 3b. The immateriality of the human soul in comparison with the materiality of the plant and animal soul: the intellect as an incorporeal power
 3c. The relation of soul and body: the relation of formal and material principles, or of spiritual and corporeal substances
 3d. The denial of soul as an immaterial principle, form, or substance: the atomic theory of the soul
 3e. The corporeal or phenomenal manifestation of disembodied souls as ghosts, wraiths, or spirits
4. The being of the soul
 4a. The unity or plurality of the human soul: the human mode of the vegetative and sensitive powers
 4b. The issue concerning the self-substance or immortality of the human soul: its existence or capacity for existence in separation from the human body
 4c. The origin of the human soul: its separate creation; its emanation or derivation from the world soul
 4d. The life of the soul apart from the body
  (1) The doctrine of transmigration or perpetual reincarnation
  (2) Comparison of separated souls with men and angels: the external soul
  (3) The need of the soul for its body: the dogma of the body’s resurrection for the soul’s perfection
  (4) The contamination of the soul by the body: the purification of the soul by release from the body
5. Our knowledge of the soul and its powers
 5a. The soul’s knowledge of itself by reflection on its acts: the soul as a transcendental or noumenal object; the paralogisms of rational psychology
 5b. The concept of the soul in empirical psychology: experimental knowledge of the soul

89空間

1空間、場所、物体
 1a物体の特性の本質としての、空間や延長:空間、入れ物、生成
 1b物体の覆いや入れ物として場所:空間の部分としての、または空間内の相対位置としての場所;大きさの尺度としての空間
 1c空間の次元:純粋な空間や主要な物質の不確定な次元;座標系;時間と空間の関係
 1d空間の物体的占有の排他性:不可入性
2空間、真空、運動
 2a絶対空間と相対空間:局所運動における空間や場所の役割;固有の場所の理論
 2b真空や虚空の問題
 (1)空いた空間と満たされた空間の区別:空間の湾曲
 (2)運動や分割のための真空や虚空の不可欠性:分割不可能な原子における真空の欠如
 (3)物質が充満した空間を支える真空や虚空の否定
 2c物理的行動の媒体としての空間:エーテルと遠隔作用;重力、放射線、電気の現象
3空間、量、関係
 3a空間の有限性や無限性:空間の連続性と分割可能性;無限でありながら限定された空間
 3b物理的な空間と数学的な空間の関係:感覚可能な空間と理想的な空間
 3c幾何学的な空間、その種類と特性:空間の関係と配置
 3d空間、距離、大きさの測定:座標系;三角法、視差の利用
4空間と形の知識
 4a神の感覚器官としての空間と、直観の超越的な形としての空間:幾何学アプリオリな基礎
 4b先天的な、あるいは後天的な空間の知覚に関する論争
 4c空間の知覚:視覚的、聴覚的、触覚的な空間の違い;遠近法と空間的な錯覚
5幾何学的な対象の存在の様態:抽象概念としてのそれらの特徴;その知覚可能な物体との関係
6場所、空間、位置、距離の精神的な重要性

89 Space

「Great Books 2」p650

1.Space, place, and bodies
 1a. Space or extension as the essence of property of bodies: space, the receptacle, and becoming
 1b. Place as the envelope or container of bodies: place as a part of space or as relative position in space; space as a measure of magnitude
 1c. The dimensionality of space: the indeterminate dimensions of pure space or prime matter; coordinate systems; relation of time and spaces
 1d. The exclusiveness of bodily occupation of space: impenetrability
2. Space, void, and motion
 2a. Absolute and relative space: the role of space or place in local motion; the theory of proper places
 2b. The issue of the void or vacuum
  (1) The distinction between empty and filled space: the curvature of space
  (2) The indispensability of void or vacuum for motion and division: the absence of void in indivisible atoms
  (3) The denial of void or vacuum in favor of a plenum
 2c. Space as a medium of physical action: the ether and action-at-a-distance; the phenomena of gravitation, radiation, and electricity
3. Space, quantity, and relation
 3a. The finitude or infinity of space: the continuity and divisibility of space; space as finite yet unbounded
 3b. The relation of physical and mathematical space: sensible and ideal space
 3c. Geometric space, its kinds and properties: spatial relationships and configurations
 3d. The measurement of spaces, distances, and sizes: coordinate systems; trigonometry, the use of parallax
4. The knowledge of space and figures
 4a. Space as the divine sensorium and space as a transcendental form of intuition: the a priori foundations of geometry
 4b. The controversy concerning innate and acquired space perception
 4c. The perception of space: differences between visual, auditory, and tactual space; perspective and spatial illusions
5. The mode of existence of geometric objects: their character as abstractions; their relation to intelligible matter
6. The spiritual significance of place, space, position, and distance

90国家

1人間社会の性質
 1a人間と動物の群居性の比較:人間の社会と動物の社会
 1b起源、構造、統治における家族と国家の比較:母権制の社会と父権制の社会
 1c家族と国家の中間にある団体:村落共同体と部族共同体;家族と国家の間の段階としての市民社会
 1d家族や国家以外の社会集団:宗教団体、慈善団体、教育団体、経済団体;法人
2国家の一般理論
 2a国家や政治共同体の定義:その形態と目的
 (1)国家と魂の比較:生物としての国家の概念;政治的統治体
 (2)法人としての状態
 (3)歴史の過程としての国家の漸進的な実現:地球上に存在する神の考えとしての国家;国民精神
 2b社会の一部または全体としての国家
 2c国家の主権の源泉や原理:王の主権;人民主権
 2d国家の経済的な側面:経済システムによる国家の区別
 2e国家の政治的構造:政府の形態によるその決定
 2f国家や人間の優位性:国家の福祉とその構成員の幸福
 2g教会と国家:神の都市と人間の都市の関係
3国家の発生、維持、崩壊
 3a他の共同体から国家への発展
 3b自然なもの、あるいは慣習的なもの、あるいはその両方としての国家
 (1)本質的に政治的な動物としての人間:人間における市民社会の必要性
 (2)自然法と国家の形成
 3c自然状態、および市民社会の状態における人間の状態:自然状態に関連する戦争状態
 3d市民社会や国家の起源としての社会契約:国家の体制や政府の基礎としての普遍的な同意
 3e国家における人間の絆としての愛と正義:友情と愛国心
 3f社会的団結の原因としての恐怖と依存:保護と安全
 3g国家の同一性と連続性:政治的統治体や市民社会の崩壊
4社会の物理的基礎:国家の地理的条件と生物学的条件
 4a国家の領土の範囲:様々な形態の政府と比較した場合の重要性
 4b気候と地理が政治制度と政治経済に与える影響
 4c集団の大きさ、多様性、分布:それらの増加や減少の原因と結果
5国家の社会構造や社会階層
 5a支配階級と従属階級、あるいは市民と住人の間の政治的な区別
 5b国家の構成員としての家族:その自治と従属
 5c分業や生まれによる区別から生じる階級や下位集団:社会階層とその原因
 5d国家内の階級闘争
 (1)社会集団の対立:国民的、人種的、宗教的なマイノリティの扱い
 (2)経済的な利害と政治的な党派の衝突:階級闘争
 5e無階級社会
6理想的な国家や最良の国家:理想的な国家と、歴史的に実在した、あるいはあり得た最良の状態との対比
 6a理想的な国家の政治制度
 6b理想的な国家の社会的および経済的な取り決め
7国家の質に影響を与える要因
 7a富と政治的な福祉
 7b政治的な生活における学問の重要性
 7c国家の宗教や倫理に対する関心:美徳の育成
 7d国家の教育な任務:市民の訓練された知性
8政治家、王、君主の機能
 8a政治家、王、君主の義務と責任:政治家や王と、それが代表または支配する人々との関係
 8b良い政治家や王に必要な資質や美徳
 8c政治家や君主の教育や訓練
 8d政治的手腕:統治の技術や科学;政治的な慎重さ
 (1)軍事技術の利用
 (2)レトリックの必要と利用:プロパガンダ
 (3)国家への奉仕における専門家の役割や機能
 8e政治的な生活への参加の長所と短所
9国家の相互関係
 9a国家間の商取引と貿易:商業的競争と貿易協定;自由貿易と関税
 9b国家間の社会的障壁と文化的障壁:多様な習慣や考えの対立
 9c国家間の名誉と正義
 9d独立国家の主権:国内と国外における国家の主権の区別;内部の主権と外部の主権
 9e国家間の戦争と平和
 (1)国家の軍事的問題:征服や防衛への備え
 (2)国家間の条約:同盟、連盟、連合、覇権
 9f植民地化と帝国主義:帝国における経済的要素と政治的要素
10国家の歴史的な形成:様々な形態の国家の興亡
 10a 都市国家
 10b 帝国国家
 10c 封建国家
 10d国民国家
 10e連邦国家:連盟と国家連合
 10f世界国家の理想

90 State

「Great Books 2」p666-668

1. The nature of human society
 1a. Comparison of human and animal gregariousness: human and animal societies
 1b. Comparison of the family and the state in origin, structure, and government: matriarchal or patriarchal societies
 1c. Associations intermediate between the family and the state: the village or tribal community; civil society as the stage between family and state
 1d. Social groups other than the family or the state: religious, charitable, educational, and economic organizations; the corporation
2. The general theory of the state
 2a. Definitions of the state or political community: its form and purpose
  (1) Comparison of the state and the soul: the conception of the state as a living organism; the body politic
  (2) The state as a corporate person
  (3) The progressive realization of the state as the process of history: the state as the divine idea as it exists on earth; the national spirit
 2b. The state as a part or the whole of society
 2c. The source or principle of the state’s sovereignty: the sovereignty of the prince; the sovereignty of the people
 2d. The economic aspect of the state: differentiation of states according to their economic systems
 2e. The political structure of the state: its determination by the form of government
 2f. The primacy of the state or the human person: the welfare of the state and the happiness of its members
 2g. Church and state: the relation of the city of God to the city of man
3. The origin, preservation, and dissolution of the state
 3a. The development of the state from other communities
 3b. The state as natural or conventional or both
  (1) Man as by nature a political animal: the human need for civil society
  (2) Natural law and the formation of the state
 3c. The condition of man in the state of nature and in the state of civil society: the state of war in relation to the state of nature
 3d. The social contract as the origin of civil society or the state: universal consent as the basis of the constitution or government of the state
 3e. Love and justice as the bond of men in states: friendship and patriotism
 3f. Fear and dependence as the cause of social cohesion: protection and security
 3g. The identity and continuity of a state: the dissolution of the body politic or civil society
4. The physical foundations of society: the geographic and biologic conditions of the state
 4a. The territorial extent of the state: its importance relative to different forms of government
 4b. The influence of climate and geography on political institutions and political economy
 4c. The size, diversity, and distribution of populations: the causes and effects of their increase or decrease
5. The social structure or stratification of the state
 5a. The political distinction between ruling and subject classes, and between citizens and denizens
 5b. The family as a member of the state: its autonomy and its subordination
 5c. The classes or subgroups arising from the division of labor or distinctions of birth: the social hierarchy and its causes
 5d. The conflict of classes within the state
  (1) The opposition of social groups: the treatment of national, racial, and religious minorities
  (2) The clash of economic interests and political factions: the class war
 5e. The classless society
6. The ideal or best state: the contrast between the ideal state and the best that is historically real or practicable
 6a. The political institutions of the ideal state
 6b. The social and economic arrangements of the ideal state
7. Factors affecting the quality of states
 7a. Wealth and political welfare
 7b. The importance of the arts and sciences in political life
 7c. The state's concern with religion and morals: the cultivation of the virtues
 7d. The educational task of the state: the trained intelligence of the citizens
8. The functions of the statesman, king, or prince
 8a. The duties and responsibilities of the statesman, king, or prince: the relation of the statesman or king to the people he represents or rules
 8b. The qualities or virtues necessary for the good statesman or king
 8c. The education or training of the statesman or prince
 8d Statecraft: the art or science of governing; political prudence
  (1) The employment of the military arts
  (2) The occasions and uses of rhetoric: propaganda
  (3) The role or function of experts in the service of the state
 8e. The advantages and disadvantages of participation in political life
9. The relation of states to one another
 9a. Commerce and trade between states: commercial rivalries and trade agreements; free trade and tariffs
 9b. Social and cultural barriers between states: the antagonism of diverse customs and ideas
 9c. Honor and justice among states
 9d. The sovereignty of independent states: the distinction between the sovereignty of the state at home and abroad; internal and external sovereignty
 9e. War and peace between states
  (1) The military problem of the state: preparation for conquest or defense
  (2) Treaties between states: alliances, leagues, confederacies, or hegemonies
 9f. Colonization and imperialism: the economic and political factors in empire
10. Historic formations of the state: the rise and decline of different types of states
 10a. The city-state
 10b. The imperial state
 10c. The feudal state
 10d. The national state
 10e. The federal state: confederacies and federal unions
 10f. The ideal of a world state